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025

Case 025Company pitchWarm up

Pitch Yatravik Fleet Software, which sells operating software to intercity bus operators, in the room: 1,900 buses at Rs 2,500 a bus a month, 6% monthly additions, 1% churn, raising Rs 25 crore at Rs 150 crore post. Size ARR 24 months out and say what has to be true.

1The situation

Yatravik Fleet Software sells a per-bus subscription to private intercity bus operators: trip scheduling, seat inventory pushed to the booking platforms, driver and fuel logs, and a daily cash reconciliation. It has 1,900 buses on the platform paying Rs 2,500 a bus a month. Each month it adds buses equal to 6% of the base and loses 1% to churn, mostly operators that sell their buses.

It is raising Rs 25 crore at a Rs 150 crore post-money. The founders estimate about 1.5 lakh private intercity buses in the country; treat that as their number, to be checked. The partner says: you have three minutes, pitch it.

2Your task

Give the pitch as you would in the room: what it is, why now, the numbers, the ARR in 24 months, the entry multiple then and now, and the two or three things that have to be true for the deal to work.

Quick check

At a net 5% monthly growth in buses, roughly what is Yatravik's ARR in 24 months?

Worked solution

Try it on paper, then open one step at a time.

30-second answerThe answer to give first

Yatravik runs the back office of an intercity bus for Rs 2,500 a month, has Rs 5.7 crore of ARR on 1,900 buses, and at a net 5% monthly growth reaches about Rs 18.4 crore of ARR in 24 months, which takes the entry multiple from 26x to about 8x. The deal works if three things hold: the 5% net growth survives the move beyond the first few operator clusters, churn stays near 1% because operators rarely switch software mid-season, and the founders' market estimate of 1.5 lakh buses stands up to a check.

Step 1What is the pitch, in the order the room expects it?

Start with the operator, not the software. A family that owns twelve buses between two cities runs them on phone calls, a notebook and a cashier at the stand; every seat sold through a booking platform has to be reconciled by hand, and nobody knows the fuel cost per trip until the month ends. Yatravik replaces the notebook: it is the operating system for a small bus fleet, priced per bus so that a twelve-bus operator pays Rs 30,000 a month and a two-bus operator Rs 5,000. Why now: the booking platforms have put most intercity seats online, so an operator without software to manage its inventory across them is losing seats, and a Rs 2,500 subscription is small against a bus that earns a few lakh a month.

Then the numbers, briefly. 1,900 buses at Rs 2,500 a month is Rs 47.5 lakh a month, Rs 5.7 crore of ARRAnnual recurring revenue: the monthly subscription revenue multiplied by twelve. It is a run rate, not revenue earned.. Additions of 6% a month are 114 buses this month against 19 lost, net 5%, which is 80% a year. The round is Rs 25 crore at Rs 150 crore post, 16.7% of the company, at 26.3x current ARR. Say the multiple yourself before the partner does; a pitch that hides the price is a pitch the partner stops listening to.

Step 2What does ARR look like in 24 months, and what does the price look like then?

Compound the bus count, not the rupees, because the price per bus is the fixed part. 1,900 times 1.05 to the power 12 is 3,412 buses after a year, Rs 10.2 crore of ARR; to the power 24 is 6,128 buses, Rs 18.4 crore. The Rs 150 crore post-money is 26.3x today's ARR, 14.7x next year's and 8.2x the ARR two years out, so the round is priced on the company it expects to be, not the one it is. By month 24 the company is adding about 350 buses a month, four times today's rate, which is a sales team question as much as a demand question.

Yatravik's ARR over 24 months, and what the Rs 150 crore post-money looks like against it510152006121824Months from the roundARR, Rs croreNet 3% a month: 11.6, 12.9xMonth 0: Rs 5.7 cr, 26.3xMonth 12: Rs 10.2 cr, 14.7xMonth 24: Rs 18.4 cr, 8.2xAt a net 5% a month the bus count goes from 1,900 to 6,128 and the entry multiple falls from 26x to about 8x.
At a net 5% a month Yatravik's ARR compounds from Rs 5.7 crore to Rs 10.2 crore at month 12 and Rs 18.4 crore at month 24, taking the entry multiple from 26x to about 8x, while a net 3% a month reaches only Rs 11.6 crore and leaves the price at 12.9x.
Net monthly growthBuses at month 24ARR at month 24, Rs crRs 150 cr post as a multiple
3%3,86211.612.9x
4%4,87014.610.3x
5%6,12818.48.2x
6%7,69323.16.5x
Each point of net monthly growth is worth about Rs 3 crore of ARR by month 24: at 5% the price falls to 8.2x forward ARR, at 3% it is still 12.9x, so the growth rate is the number the whole valuation rests on.
Step 3What has to be true for the deal to work?

Three things, and name them before the partner asks. First, the 5% net growth has to hold as Yatravik leaves the operator clusters where word of mouth did the selling; 6,128 buses is 4.1% of the founders' 1.5 lakh estimate, up from 1.3%, which is plausible only if the next regions behave like the first. Second, churn has to stay near 1%: operators switch software rarely, but they do sell buses, and a bad season could lift it. Third, the market estimate is the founders' own; a check against permit data or the booking platforms' listed bus counts comes before any term sheet. The pitch is a bet that per-bus pricing, low churn and compounding at 5% a month make 26x ARR a reasonable price for a company that will be at 8x in two years.

Say the limits too. ARR is a run rate on monthly subscriptions, so it can fall as fast as it rose. The model ignores price increases, add-on revenue from payments or fuel cards, and the cost of the sales team that has to produce four times today's additions. And a pitch is not a recommendation: it is the clearest statement of what has to be true, so the partner can decide which of those things to go and test.

Where candidates lose it

The usual loss is growing ARR linearly, 5% of today's base for 24 months, and landing near Rs 12.5 crore. The base compounds, and the difference between Rs 12.5 crore and Rs 18.4 crore is the difference between a 12x and an 8x forward multiple.

The second is pitching features. The partner wants the operator's problem, the unit of pricing, the growth arithmetic and the entry price, in that order, in three minutes. A list of modules fills the time and answers none of it.

What the interviewer asks next

  • Yatravik wants to add a payments product taking 1% of ticket value. How would you size it against the subscription ARR?
  • Churn rises to 3% a month in the monsoon quarter. What does that do to the 24-month ARR?
  • What would you want to see in the cohort of operators signed 18 months ago before believing the 1% churn?
← Case 024Krishivik Agri's investors hold convertible preference shares with a put against the promoters at cost plus 10% a year simple. In year six the company is worth Rs 90 crore. Compare the put with the converted stake, and set out what Indian pricing and foreign investment rules do to such a promise.Case 026 →Antimvik Logistics pays a rider by the day and earns Rs 32 a parcel. What does a parcel cost at 25 drops a day and at 40, and what drop density breaks even?

Company names and figures are illustrative.

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