Investment Banking interview preparation

Questions

100

Traced to a firm

100

Firms

46

Updated

September 2026

Asked at

All firmsTSTruist Securities10Rothschild & Co8Centerview Partners7CSCredit Suisse7HWHarris Williams6Houlihan Lokey6Lazard6Mizuho6Barclays5Citi5Deutsche Bank5Evercore5Moelis & Company5MSMorgan Stanley5Piper Sandler5RCRBC Capital Markets5Goldman Sachs4Nomura4TD Securities4Bank of America3GSGuggenheim Securities3J.P. Morgan3Jefferies3Moody's3Perella Weinberg Partners3WPWarburg Pincus3WBWilliam Blair3HSBC2Lincoln International2Scotiabank2TPTPG2UBS2Wells Fargo Securities2Advent International1Apollo Global Management1Bain Capital1Balyasny Asset Management1BLBlackRock1BPBNP Paribas1General Atlantic1Invesco1Morningstar1PIMCO1STSociété Générale1SSState Street1WMWellington Management1

Topic

All topicsAccounting14Valuation21M&A10Markets and deals10Capital markets3LBO8Leveraged finance3Restructuring2Credit3Debt capital markets2Capital structure2Case and estimation11Brainteasers6Fit5

Level

AnyCoreIntermediateHard

Type

AnyTechnicalCaseBrainteaserFitMarket view

1. 001Walk me through the three financial statements and how they connect.AccountingCorephone / HireVueGoldman SachsInvestment Banking · New York · 2026GSGuggenheim SecuritiesHealthcare · Glen Allen · 2026Piper SandlerInvestment Banking · New York · 2026TSTruist SecuritiesReal Estate · Atlanta · 2026Moody'sCorporate · New York · 2022

   Say this

   The income statement shows profitability over a period, the balance sheet is a snapshot of what the company owns and owes at a point in time, and the cash flow statement reconciles the two by tracking the actual cash that moved. They link through net income and cash.

   Then walk it

   1. Net income is the bottom of the income statement. It becomes the top line of the cash flow statement.
   2. On the cash flow statement you add back non-cash charges like depreciation, adjust for working capital changes, then run through investing and financing.
   3. The ending cash number flows to the top of the balance sheet as the cash balance.
   4. Net income also flows into retained earnings in shareholders' equity, less any dividends. That is the second link.
   5. So the balance sheet balances because both sides of net income land in it: the cash it generated on the asset side, the earnings it retained on the equity side.

   Where candidates lose it

   Reciting the three statements as three separate definitions and stopping. The question is entirely about the linkage. Say the two connection points out loud, net income into retained earnings and ending cash onto the balance sheet, or you have not answered it.

   Expect next

   • Which statement would you look at first if you could only pick one, and why?
   • A company is profitable but running out of cash. Where do you look?
   • Why does the balance sheet actually balance?

   Reported by candidates at Goldman Sachs (Investment Banking, New York, 2026); Guggenheim Securities (Healthcare, Glen Allen, 2026); Piper Sandler (Investment Banking, New York, 2026); Truist Securities (Real Estate, Atlanta, 2026); Moody's (Corporate, New York, 2022). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

2. 002Tell me how $10 of depreciation flows through the three statements.AccountingCoretechnicalCSCredit SuisseData Modeling · Chicago · 2023BarclaysInvestment Banking · New York · 2025MizuhoInvestment Banking · New York · 2026Houlihan LokeyDebt Capital Markets · Los Angeles · 2025

   Say this

   Assume a 25% tax rate. Pre-tax income falls by $10, taxes fall by $2.50, so net income falls by $7.50. Cash actually goes up by $2.50, because depreciation is non-cash and the only real effect is the tax saving.

   Then walk it

   1. Income statement: $10 of depreciation hits EBIT, so pre-tax income is down $10 and net income is down $7.50 at a 25% rate.
   2. Cash flow statement: start from net income at minus $7.50, add back the $10 non-cash depreciation, so cash from operations is up $2.50.
   3. Balance sheet: cash is up $2.50, net PP&E is down $10, so assets are down $7.50 net. Retained earnings are down $7.50. It balances.
   4. The whole point is the depreciation tax shield. Ten dollars of a non-cash charge bought you two-fifty of real cash.

   Where candidates lose it

   Saying cash goes down. It does not. Depreciation is non-cash, so the only cash effect is the tax you no longer pay. State your tax rate before you start so the interviewer can follow your arithmetic, and say the words 'tax shield'.

   Expect next

   • Now do the same for $10 of CapEx instead.
   • What if the company had no taxable income that year?
   • How does this change if the depreciation is not tax-deductible in that jurisdiction?

   Reported by candidates at Credit Suisse (Data Modeling, Chicago, 2023); Barclays (Investment Banking, New York, 2025); Mizuho (Investment Banking, New York, 2026); Houlihan Lokey (Debt Capital Markets, Los Angeles, 2025). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

3. 004How do you get from EBITDA to net income?AccountingCoretechnicalGSGuggenheim SecuritiesInvestment Banking · Chicago · 2026TSTruist SecuritiesCorporate Banking · Atlanta · 2025

   Say this

   Subtract depreciation and amortisation to get EBIT, subtract interest to get pre-tax income, then subtract taxes to get net income. If there is anything below the line like minority interest or discontinued operations, strip that out too.

   Then walk it

   1. EBITDA less D&A gives EBIT, which is operating profit.
   2. EBIT less net interest expense gives pre-tax income, sometimes called EBT.
   3. EBT less taxes gives net income.
   4. Watch for minority interest. If the company consolidates a subsidiary it does not fully own, you subtract the minority's share to get to net income attributable to the parent.
   5. That last step matters for EPS, because EPS is built on net income to the parent, not consolidated net income.

   Where candidates lose it

   Forgetting minority interest and preferred dividends. On a clean question nobody cares, but the moment the interviewer hands you a consolidated group, missing the minority line means your EPS is wrong and your comps are wrong.

   Expect next

   • Why do bankers use EBITDA at all if net income is what shareholders get?
   • When would EBITDA be a misleading metric?
   • How do you calculate free cash flow from cash flow from operations?

   Reported by candidates at Guggenheim Securities (Investment Banking, Chicago, 2026); Truist Securities (Corporate Banking, Atlanta, 2025). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

4. 006Explain how an increase in accounts payable affects free cash flow.AccountingCoretechnicalPerella Weinberg PartnersInvestment Banking · Chicago · 2026Perella Weinberg PartnersInvestment Banking · New York · 2026

   Say this

   It increases free cash flow. An increase in a liability means you have taken the goods but not yet paid, so cash stays in the business. It is a source of cash.

   Then walk it

   1. Accounts payable up means cash held back, so it is a positive working capital adjustment on the cash flow statement.
   2. The general rule: liabilities up is a source of cash, assets up is a use of cash.
   3. It does not touch EBITDA or EBIT at all. The expense was already recognised; only the timing of payment changed.
   4. So unlevered free cash flow rises by exactly the increase in payables, with no tax effect.
   5. Worth flagging the quality issue: stretching payables to flatter cash flow is a classic window-dressing move, and it reverses the next period.

   Where candidates lose it

   Getting the direction right but saying nothing about durability. Anyone can memorise the sign. The candidate who adds 'this reverses next quarter and is a red flag if it keeps growing' is the one who sounds like an analyst.

   Expect next

   • Now do accounts receivable.
   • How would you spot a company stretching payables?
   • How do you treat a permanent step-up in payables in a DCF?

   Reported by candidates at Perella Weinberg Partners (Investment Banking, Chicago, 2026); Perella Weinberg Partners (Investment Banking, New York, 2026). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

5. 007What are some non-cash items you would find on the cash flow statement?AccountingCoretechnicalMoody'sProject Finance · New York · 2018LazardInvestment Banking · New York · 2026

   Say this

   Depreciation and amortisation, stock-based compensation, deferred taxes, impairments and write-downs, unrealised gains or losses on investments, and equity income from unconsolidated affiliates.

   Then walk it

   1. D&A is the big one and the one everyone names.
   2. Stock-based compensation is the one that matters most in practice, especially in tech, because it is a real cost to shareholders that never touches cash.
   3. Deferred tax movements, impairments and goodwill write-downs are all added back.
   4. Equity method income gets reversed out and replaced with the actual dividend received, because you only book cash you were paid.
   5. The judgement call is SBC. Adding it back and calling the result free cash flow overstates what shareholders actually keep, because the dilution is real.

   Where candidates lose it

   Listing D&A and stopping. Naming stock-based compensation, and then saying why treating it as a pure add-back is dishonest, is what separates a memoriser from someone who has actually thought about earnings quality.

   Expect next

   • Should stock-based compensation be added back in a DCF?
   • How do you handle it when you are comparing a tech company to an industrial?
   • What is the difference between deferred tax assets and liabilities?

   Reported by candidates at Moody's (Project Finance, New York, 2018); Lazard (Investment Banking, New York, 2026). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

6. 008Walk me from revenue down to unlevered free cash flow.AccountingCoretechnicalRCRBC Capital MarketsLeveraged Finance · London · 2026Centerview PartnersInvestment Banking · Menlo Park · 2025

   Say this

   Revenue less COGS and operating expenses gives EBIT. Tax EBIT at the marginal rate to get after-tax EBIT, add back D&A, subtract CapEx, then subtract the increase in net working capital.

   Then walk it

   1. Start at EBIT, not net income, because unlevered means before any financing decision.
   2. Multiply EBIT by one minus the tax rate. This is the step people rush: you tax EBIT, not EBITDA.
   3. Add back D&A because it is non-cash, but note you already got its tax benefit inside the taxed EBIT.
   4. Subtract CapEx, which is the real cash going into the asset base.
   5. Subtract the change in net working capital. Growth normally consumes working capital, so this is usually negative for a growing company.
   6. The result is cash available to all capital providers, debt and equity, which is why you discount it at WACC.

   Where candidates lose it

   Subtracting interest. The moment interest appears, it is levered, not unlevered, and you have double-counted the capital structure because WACC already prices the debt. Say 'no interest, because it is unlevered' out loud.

   Expect next

   • What is the difference between levered and unlevered free cash flow?
   • Which one do you discount at cost of equity?
   • If I gave you a $10 change in revenue, COGS, or CapEx, which moves your DCF most?

   Reported by candidates at RBC Capital Markets (Leveraged Finance, London, 2026); Centerview Partners (Investment Banking, Menlo Park, 2025). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

7. 009What is the difference between levered and unlevered free cash flow?AccountingCoretechnicalCSCredit SuisseData Modeling · Chicago · 2023

   Say this

   Unlevered free cash flow is before interest and debt movements, so it belongs to everyone who funded the business. Levered free cash flow is after interest and mandatory debt repayment, so it belongs only to equity holders.

   Then walk it

   1. Unlevered starts at EBIT, taxes EBIT, and ignores the capital structure entirely.
   2. Levered starts effectively at net income, so interest and its tax shield are already inside it, and you then subtract debt amortisation.
   3. Unlevered gets discounted at WACC and gives you enterprise value. Levered gets discounted at cost of equity and gives you equity value directly.
   4. The reason the market defaults to unlevered is comparability. Two companies with identical operations but different leverage should show the same unlevered cash flow.
   5. Levered is what a sponsor actually cares about in an LBO, because that is the cash that services and pays down the debt.

   Where candidates lose it

   Discounting unlevered cash flow at cost of equity, or levered at WACC. That mismatch is the single most common valuation error in interviews and it invalidates the whole answer.

   Expect next

   • So which do you get to, enterprise value or equity value?
   • Why does the market default to unlevered?
   • When would you actually build a levered DCF?

   Reported by candidates at Credit Suisse (Data Modeling, Chicago, 2023). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

8. 015Walk me through a DCF.ValuationCoretechnicalGoldman SachsInvestment Banking · New York · 2026Deutsche BankInvestment Banking · Honolulu · 2025BarclaysInvestment Banking · New York · 2025TSTruist SecuritiesCorporate Banking · Atlanta · 2025Houlihan LokeyDebt Capital Markets · Los Angeles · 2025CSCredit SuisseInvestment Banking · São Paulo · 2021

   Say this

   Project unlevered free cash flow for five to ten years, discount it at WACC, add a terminal value for everything beyond the forecast, sum to enterprise value, then bridge to equity value and divide by diluted shares.

   Then walk it

   1. Build unlevered free cash flow: EBIT, taxed, plus D&A, less CapEx, less the change in working capital.
   2. Discount at WACC, because unlevered cash flow belongs to both debt and equity holders. Use mid-year convention if cash arrives through the year.
   3. Terminal value two ways: Gordon growth on the final year cash flow, or an exit multiple on terminal EBITDA. I would run both and check they agree.
   4. Sum the discounted cash flows and the discounted terminal value to get enterprise value.
   5. Bridge down: less net debt, less preferred, less minority interest, plus non-operating assets, to get equity value. Divide by diluted shares for value per share.
   6. Then say the honest part: terminal value is usually 60 to 80 percent of the total, so the answer is mostly a function of the growth rate and discount rate, and I would sensitise both.

   Where candidates lose it

   Delivering it as a memorised list with no acknowledgement that terminal value dominates. Every candidate can recite the steps. The one who volunteers that most of the value sits in an assumption, and offers to sensitise it, sounds like someone who has actually built one.

   Expect next

   • What are the main drivers or sensitivities in your DCF?
   • What discount rate would you use and why?
   • When is a DCF the wrong tool?

   Reported by candidates at Goldman Sachs (Investment Banking, New York, 2026); Deutsche Bank (Investment Banking, Honolulu, 2025); Barclays (Investment Banking, New York, 2025); Truist Securities (Corporate Banking, Atlanta, 2025); Houlihan Lokey (Debt Capital Markets, Los Angeles, 2025); Credit Suisse (Investment Banking, São Paulo, 2021). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

9. 018What is WACC and how do you calculate it?ValuationCorephone / HireVueCitiGeneralist · New York · 2026

   Say this

   It is the blended after-tax cost of a company's capital, weighted by the market value of each piece. Cost of equity times the equity weight, plus after-tax cost of debt times the debt weight.

   Then walk it

   1. Cost of equity comes from CAPM: risk-free rate plus beta times the equity risk premium, with a size or country premium if the situation calls for it.
   2. Cost of debt is the yield the company would pay on new debt today, not the coupon on its old debt, and you multiply it by one minus the tax rate because interest is deductible.
   3. Weights use market values, not book. Market capitalisation for equity, and market value of debt, which for most investment grade paper is close enough to book.
   4. Use target capital structure rather than today's snapshot if today's is temporarily distorted.
   5. The honest caveat is beta. It is estimated from noisy historical data, so I would cross-check against a peer set rather than trusting one regression.

   Where candidates lose it

   Using the coupon on existing debt as the cost of debt, or using book equity in the weights. Both are common and both are wrong. WACC is forward-looking and market-based.

   Expect next

   • Why do you unlever and relever beta?
   • Can debt ever be more expensive than equity?
   • What happens to WACC as you add leverage?

   Reported by candidates at Citi (Generalist, New York, 2026). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

10. 021What are the main valuation methodologies, with the pros and cons of each?ValuationCoretechnicalCenterview PartnersInvestment Banking · Menlo Park · 2026Piper SandlerInvestment Banking · New York · 2026InvescoAsset Management · New York · 2023

    Say this

    Three core ones: comparable companies, precedent transactions and DCF. Comps tell you what the market pays today, precedents tell you what buyers paid including control, and a DCF tells you what the cash flows are worth on your own assumptions.

    Then walk it

    1. Trading comps: fast, market-based, easy to defend. But no two companies are truly comparable, and if the whole sector is mispriced your answer inherits that.
    2. Precedent transactions: captures the control premium and what strategic buyers actually paid. But deals are stale, each had its own circumstances, and disclosure is patchy.
    3. DCF: the only method grounded in the actual economics, and it forces you to state your assumptions. But it is enormously sensitive to WACC and terminal value, so it can be made to say almost anything.
    4. Situational ones sit alongside: LBO analysis for a floor value a sponsor would pay, sum of the parts for conglomerates, NAV for asset-heavy or real estate businesses, and dividend discount for banks.
    5. In practice you show all of them as a football field and argue for a range, because the overlap between methods is more persuasive than any single number.

    Where candidates lose it

    Listing the three and stopping when the question explicitly asked for pros and cons. Also, claiming DCF is 'the most accurate'. It is the most theoretically sound and the most easily manipulated, and saying both is what makes you sound credible.

    Expect next

    • Rank the four methodologies from highest to lowest value and explain why.
    • Which would you weight most for a company like this?
    • When would you not use a DCF at all?

    Reported by candidates at Centerview Partners (Investment Banking, Menlo Park, 2026); Piper Sandler (Investment Banking, New York, 2026); Invesco (Asset Management, New York, 2023). Source: Wall Street Oasis.

Firm tags come from public, anonymous candidate reports on Wall Street Oasis: strong signal, not sworn testimony. Firms are named as the places a question was reported, not as partners of Fin Maverick. Answers are written for this page to show how to think out loud; they are not scripts to recite.